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    "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/MachineLearnia/Python-tutoriel/blob/master/02%20-%20Variables%20et%20Fonctions.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "# 2: Python Basics - Variables and Functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "colab_type": "text",
    "id": "kxKbJy3zUGqq"
   },
   "source": [
    "## 1. Variables and Operations\n",
    "There are 4 main types of variables\n",
    "- int (integer)\n",
    "- float (decimal number)\n",
    "- string (string of characters)\n",
    "- bool (boolean)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
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   "source": [
    "x = 3 # type int \n",
    "y = 2.5 # type float\n",
    "first_name = 'Amine' # type string\n",
    "z = True # type Bool"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
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    },
    "colab_type": "code",
    "id": "gvy__Ni0VLDg",
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     "text": [
      "x + y = 5.5\n",
      "x - y = 0.5\n",
      "x / y = 1.2\n",
      "x // y = 1.0\n",
      "x * y = 7.5\n",
      "x ^ y = 15.588457268119896\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Arithmetic operations\n",
    "print('x + y =', x + y)\n",
    "print('x - y =', x - y)\n",
    "print('x / y =', x / y)\n",
    "print('x // y =', x // y) # integer division (very useful for Numpy tables)\n",
    "print('x * y =', x * y)\n",
    "print('x ^ y =', x ** y) # x power y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
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    },
    "colab_type": "code",
    "id": "osU_peQiV5QH",
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    {
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     "text": [
      "equality: False\n",
      "inequality: True\n",
      "less than or equal to: False\n",
      "greater or equal: True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Comparison operations\n",
    "print('equality:', x == y)\n",
    "print('inequality:', x != y)\n",
    "print('less than or equal to:', x <= y)\n",
    "print('greater or equal:', x >= y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
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     "text": [
      "AND : False\n",
      "OR : True\n",
      "XOR : True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Opérations Logiques\n",
    "print('AND :', False and True)\n",
    "print('OR :', False or True)\n",
    "print('XOR :', False ^ True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
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   "source": [
    "Note: Comparison and logic operations used together allow to build basic algorithmic structures (if/esle, while, ...)"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "## 2. Functions\n",
    "An anonymous function is a function created with **lambda**. This type of function is basic and is useful to be integrated in the middle of control structures or other functions. It is rarely used."
   ]
  },
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     "text": [
      "9\n"
     ]
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   ],
   "source": [
    "# Exemple of a lambda function f(x) = x^2\n",
    "f = lambda x : x**2\n",
    "\n",
    "print(f(3))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
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      "12\n"
     ]
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   "source": [
    "# Exemple2: g(x, y) = x^2 - y^2\n",
    "g = lambda x, y : x**2 - y**2\n",
    "\n",
    "print(g(4, 2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
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    "id": "YjgH-JfFajmb"
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   "source": [
    "The best way to create a function is to use the following structure: **def**"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "# Exemple: a function has a name, takes inputs (arguments) and transforms them to return a result\n",
    "\n",
    "def function_name(argument_1, argument_2):\n",
    "    result = argument_1 + argument_2\n",
    "    return result\n",
    "\n",
    "function_name(3, 2)"
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": 8,
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       "981.0"
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   "source": [
    "# Concrete example : function that calculates the potential energy of a body\n",
    "\n",
    "def e_potential(mass, height, g=9.81):\n",
    "    energy = mass * height * g \n",
    "    return energy\n",
    "\n",
    "# here g has a default value so we don't have to give it a value\n",
    "e_potential(mass=10, height=10)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "## 3. Exercise and Solution\n",
    "Modify the e_potential function defined above to return a value indicating whether the computed energy is greater or less than a **limit_energy** passed as the 4th argument"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Solution :"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "def e_potential(mass, height, e_limit, g=9.81):\n",
    "    energy = mass * height * g \n",
    "    return energy > e_limit\n",
    "\n",
    "e_potential(mass=10, height=10, e_limit=800)"
   ]
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